{"id":4406,"date":"2023-04-12T06:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-12T06:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\/"},"modified":"2024-06-04T06:05:05","modified_gmt":"2024-06-04T06:05:05","slug":"browser-fingerprinting-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4406\" class=\"elementor elementor-4406\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cf826a e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8cf826a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c02bfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51c02bfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"95ab\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Overview:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"aff afg afh afi afj sj sd se paragraph-image\">\n<div class=\"sk sl dl sm bg sn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<div class=\"sd se ahn\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/format:webp\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 1400w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-testid=\"og\" \/><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg so sp c\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*Crxd__Cd3yu-36WbPewyLg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"156\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<p id=\"257f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">1. A user\u2019s device\u2019s hardware, operating system, browser, and configuration are all included in a set of data called a \u201cbrowser fingerprint.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"236d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">2. Via a simple script running inside a browser, a server can collect a wide variety of information from public interfaces called application programming interfaces (APIs), HTTP headers, device information, etc.<\/p>\n<p id=\"7eb4\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">3. The method of gathering data from a web browser to create a device fingerprint is known as \u201cbrowser fingerprinting.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"ccca\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Cookies vs Browser Fingerprinting:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"65df\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\"><em class=\"aho\">Cookies Fingerprinting:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"\">\n \t<li id=\"36ab\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Small pieces of data are stored on a user\u2019s computer by a web browser when they visit a website. They are used to store information about the user, such as preferences and browsing history, and to track user behaviour on the website.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"7fc9\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">They are typically used to improve the user experience by remembering information about the user and their preferences, but they can also be deleted, blocked, or turned off entirely.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"acfd\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Cookie tracking involves placing a unique identifier on a person\u2019s web browser, and fingerprinting occurs when a company (the website owner) creates a profile of the device\u2019s unique characteristics.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"192a\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates the rules for covert data collection, which is why websites often ask users to approve or disapprove of cookies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"7329\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\"><em class=\"aho\">Browser Fingerprinting:<\/em><\/strong>\n\nInformation includes details about the\u00a0<strong class=\"wj lv\">browser, network, and device, such as the language used, keyboard layout, time zone, cookie settings, operating system version, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"\">\n \t<li id=\"572c\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">By combining all this information into a fingerprint,\u00a0<strong class=\"wj lv\">advertisers can recognise a user as they move from one website to another.<\/strong><\/li>\n \t<li id=\"b324\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Studies have shown that around\u00a0<strong class=\"wj lv\">80\u201390% of browser fingerprints are unique.<\/strong><\/li>\n \t<li id=\"1173\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This is done by advertising technology companies that\u00a0<strong class=\"wj lv\"><em class=\"aho\">insert their code\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>onto websites and collect data about online activity.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"2b5c\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Once established, a fingerprint can potentially be linked with other personal information,\u00a0<strong class=\"wj lv\">such as data held by brokers.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"9d21\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">GDPR:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"b4d1\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Browser fingerprinting also falls under the purview of the GDPR to protect user privacy. However, nothing has been explicitly mentioned about it.<\/p>\n<p id=\"a518\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The GDPR establishes six legal grounds that enable the processing of data, including user consent and the \u201clegitimate interest\u201d or consent of the person doing the tracking:<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"aff afg afh afi afj sj sd se paragraph-image\">\n<div class=\"sk sl dl sm bg sn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<div class=\"sd se ahp\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/format:webp\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 1400w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-testid=\"og\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg so sp c\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*9BrNlY0sKZ3sX30TksBm1g.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"335\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<p id=\"db6d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">In the context of browser fingerprinting, these general rules apply as follows:<\/p>\n<p id=\"2942\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Companies using fingerprinting must ensure that their interests in tracking user information do not override the user\u2019s fundamental rights and freedoms, including their privacy.<\/p>\n<p id=\"932a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The website must also provide detailed information to the user about the scope, purposes, and legal basis of the data processing.<\/p>\n<p id=\"8787\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Fingerprinting should be transparent when using and processing data about anonymous visitors.<\/p>\n<p id=\"67a6\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\"><em class=\"aho\">*Browser fingerprint technology has enabled marketers to run targeted campaigns on the internet at any stage of the marketing funnel.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"9c65\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Parameters and the Math:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"e493\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Uniqueness:<\/strong>\u00a0It means to provide enough ground for identification; the more unique a fingerprint, the more identifiable it is. When the fingerprint has an attribute, whose value is only present once in the whole dataset or when the combination of all its attributes is unique in the whole dataset.<\/p>\n<p id=\"829b\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Stability:\u00a0<\/strong>This links the browser fingerprints that belong to the same device. For stability, the quantity of modified information (each time the user\u2019s fingerprint is obtained) should be as small as possible.<\/p>\n<p id=\"c706\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Entropy:<\/strong>\u00a0Defines the amount of uniqueness that a specific property exposed by the browser (such as the User-Agent header) introduces into a browser fingerprint. Usually expressed in bits, the higher the entropy, the more unique and identifiable a fingerprint will be.<\/p>\n<p id=\"8e37\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><em class=\"aho\">After the new dataset is tested repeatedly, giving similar correlated probability outputs, we can say that a technique is effective in terms of its ability to say that a fingerprint is unique!<\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"bb1f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Blueprint: Using Browser Fingerprinting for Authentication<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"aff afg afh afi afj sj sd se paragraph-image\">\n<div class=\"sk sl dl sm bg sn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<div class=\"sd se ahq\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/format:webp\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 1400w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-testid=\"og\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg so sp c\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*tG5C0K96MjGn8hM4zIgv3w.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"360\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<p id=\"6910\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Information gathered:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"2951\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Browser fingerprinting can gather a lot of information (more than 100 data attributes) from a browser, for example:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"\">\n \t<li id=\"2b60\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Device model<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"0586\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Operating system<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"f902\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Browser version<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"e1d3\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">User time zone<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"a776\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Preferred language settings<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"1465\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Keyboard layout<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"ca71\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Ad blocker used<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"4768\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Screen resolution<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"3b15\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Tech specs of the CPU<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"86af\" class=\"wh wi sr wj b wk agc wm wn wo agd wq wr ws age wu wv ww agf wy wz xa agg xc xd xe agn aga agb bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">graphics card, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"876d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The logic is to have enough specifics about a user\u2019s device and settings to pinpoint them in a sea of internet users.<\/p>\n<p id=\"e3f9\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A specific fingerprinting technology employs several cutting-edge browser identification methods to gather over 100 individual signals.<\/p>\n<p id=\"d2c0\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">These signals are combined with server-side analysis and deduplication to generate a visitor ID, providing a persistent and valuable abstraction of a browser fingerprint, which can be volatile if a user changes settings or updates software on their device.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"aff afg afh afi afj sj sd se paragraph-image\">\n<div class=\"sk sl dl sm bg sn\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<div class=\"sd se ahr\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/format:webp\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 1400w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:640\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 640w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:720\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 720w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:750\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 750w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:786\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 786w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:828\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 828w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1100\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 1100w, https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-testid=\"og\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg so sp c\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1400\/1*1IrUsBV-2Rz0nHOTiqQ4jA.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"369\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<p id=\"50ac\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Watch out this space for Part 2!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"b661\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><strong class=\"wj lv\">Author:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"0c44\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><a class=\"af xf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/vaibhavc2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\">Vaibhav Chandel<\/a>, Product Manager<\/p>\n<p id=\"0bac\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph wh wi sr wj b wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe fv bj\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\"><a class=\"af xf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wibmo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\">Wibmo<\/a>\u00a0A PayU\/Naspers FinTech Company<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f98304 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1f98304\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7feee81 wpr-post-info-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-post-info\" data-id=\"7feee81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"wpr-post-info wpr-post-info-vertical\"><li class=\"wpr-post-info-taxonomy\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/tag\/authentication-2\/\"><span class=\"wpr-post-info-text\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tag\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 252.118V48C0 21.49 21.49 0 48 0h204.118a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882L293.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0L14.059 286.059A48 48 0 0 1 0 252.118zM112 64c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48s21.49 48 48 48 48-21.49 48-48-21.49-48-48-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>Authentication<span class=\"tax-sep\">, <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/tag\/device-management\/\"><span class=\"wpr-post-info-text\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tag\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 252.118V48C0 21.49 21.49 0 48 0h204.118a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882L293.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0L14.059 286.059A48 48 0 0 1 0 252.118zM112 64c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48s21.49 48 48 48 48-21.49 48-48-21.49-48-48-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>Device Management<span class=\"tax-sep\">, <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/tag\/fingerprint\/\"><span class=\"wpr-post-info-text\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tag\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 252.118V48C0 21.49 21.49 0 48 0h204.118a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882L293.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0L14.059 286.059A48 48 0 0 1 0 252.118zM112 64c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48s21.49 48 48 48 48-21.49 48-48-21.49-48-48-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>Fingerprint<span class=\"tax-sep\">, <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/tag\/security-2\/\"><span class=\"wpr-post-info-text\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tag\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 252.118V48C0 21.49 21.49 0 48 0h204.118a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882L293.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0L14.059 286.059A48 48 0 0 1 0 252.118zM112 64c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48s21.49 48 48 48 48-21.49 48-48-21.49-48-48-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>Security<span class=\"tax-sep\">, <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/tag\/technology\/\"><span class=\"wpr-post-info-text\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-tag\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 252.118V48C0 21.49 21.49 0 48 0h204.118a48 48 0 0 1 33.941 14.059l211.882 211.882c18.745 18.745 18.745 49.137 0 67.882L293.823 497.941c-18.745 18.745-49.137 18.745-67.882 0L14.059 286.059A48 48 0 0 1 0 252.118zM112 64c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48s21.49 48 48 48 48-21.49 48-48-21.49-48-48-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>Technology<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview: 1. A user\u2019s device\u2019s hardware, operating system, browser, and configuration are all included in a set of data called a \u201cbrowser fingerprint.\u201d 2. Via a simple script running inside a browser, a server can collect a wide variety of information from public interfaces called application programming interfaces (APIs), HTTP headers, device information, etc. 3. The method of gathering data from a web browser to create a device fingerprint is known as \u201cbrowser fingerprinting.\u201d Cookies vs Browser Fingerprinting: Cookies Fingerprinting: Small pieces of data are stored on a user\u2019s computer by a web browser when they visit a website. They are used to store information about the user, such as preferences and browsing history, and to track user behaviour on the website. They are typically used to improve the user experience by remembering information about the user and their preferences, but they can also be deleted, blocked, or turned off entirely. Cookie tracking involves placing a unique identifier on a person\u2019s web browser, and fingerprinting occurs when a company (the website owner) creates a profile of the device\u2019s unique characteristics. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates the rules for covert data collection, which is why websites often ask users to approve or disapprove of cookies. Browser Fingerprinting: Information includes details about the\u00a0browser, network, and device, such as the language used, keyboard layout, time zone, cookie settings, operating system version, etc. By combining all this information into a fingerprint,\u00a0advertisers can recognise a user as they move from one website to another. Studies have shown that around\u00a080\u201390% of browser fingerprints are unique. This is done by advertising technology companies that\u00a0insert their code\u00a0onto websites and collect data about online activity. Once established, a fingerprint can potentially be linked with other personal information,\u00a0such as data held by brokers. GDPR: Browser fingerprinting also falls under the purview of the GDPR to protect user privacy. However, nothing has been explicitly mentioned about it. The GDPR establishes six legal grounds that enable the processing of data, including user consent and the \u201clegitimate interest\u201d or consent of the person doing the tracking: In the context of browser fingerprinting, these general rules apply as follows: Companies using fingerprinting must ensure that their interests in tracking user information do not override the user\u2019s fundamental rights and freedoms, including their privacy. The website must also provide detailed information to the user about the scope, purposes, and legal basis of the data processing. Fingerprinting should be transparent when using and processing data about anonymous visitors. *Browser fingerprint technology has enabled marketers to run targeted campaigns on the internet at any stage of the marketing funnel. Parameters and the Math: Uniqueness:\u00a0It means to provide enough ground for identification; the more unique a fingerprint, the more identifiable it is. When the fingerprint has an attribute, whose value is only present once in the whole dataset or when the combination of all its attributes is unique in the whole dataset. Stability:\u00a0This links the browser fingerprints that belong to the same device. For stability, the quantity of modified information (each time the user\u2019s fingerprint is obtained) should be as small as possible. Entropy:\u00a0Defines the amount of uniqueness that a specific property exposed by the browser (such as the User-Agent header) introduces into a browser fingerprint. Usually expressed in bits, the higher the entropy, the more unique and identifiable a fingerprint will be. After the new dataset is tested repeatedly, giving similar correlated probability outputs, we can say that a technique is effective in terms of its ability to say that a fingerprint is unique! Blueprint: Using Browser Fingerprinting for Authentication Information gathered: Browser fingerprinting can gather a lot of information (more than 100 data attributes) from a browser, for example: Device model Operating system Browser version User time zone Preferred language settings Keyboard layout Ad blocker used Screen resolution Tech specs of the CPU graphics card, etc. The logic is to have enough specifics about a user\u2019s device and settings to pinpoint them in a sea of internet users. A specific fingerprinting technology employs several cutting-edge browser identification methods to gather over 100 individual signals. These signals are combined with server-side analysis and deduplication to generate a visitor ID, providing a persistent and valuable abstraction of a browser fingerprint, which can be volatile if a user changes settings or updates software on their device. Watch out this space for Part 2! Author: Vaibhav Chandel, Product Manager Wibmo\u00a0A PayU\/Naspers FinTech Company BaaS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":4454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[137,135,136,134,138],"class_list":["post-4406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reading-list","tag-authentication-2","tag-device-management","tag-fingerprint","tag-security-2","tag-technology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1 - Digital Payments, Payment Security and Lending - Wibmo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1 - Digital Payments, Payment Security and Lending - Wibmo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Overview: 1. A user\u2019s device\u2019s hardware, operating system, browser, and configuration are all included in a set of data called a \u201cbrowser fingerprint.\u201d 2. Via a simple script running inside a browser, a server can collect a wide variety of information from public interfaces called application programming interfaces (APIs), HTTP headers, device information, etc. 3. The method of gathering data from a web browser to create a device fingerprint is known as \u201cbrowser fingerprinting.\u201d Cookies vs Browser Fingerprinting: Cookies Fingerprinting: Small pieces of data are stored on a user\u2019s computer by a web browser when they visit a website. They are used to store information about the user, such as preferences and browsing history, and to track user behaviour on the website. They are typically used to improve the user experience by remembering information about the user and their preferences, but they can also be deleted, blocked, or turned off entirely. Cookie tracking involves placing a unique identifier on a person\u2019s web browser, and fingerprinting occurs when a company (the website owner) creates a profile of the device\u2019s unique characteristics. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates the rules for covert data collection, which is why websites often ask users to approve or disapprove of cookies. Browser Fingerprinting: Information includes details about the\u00a0browser, network, and device, such as the language used, keyboard layout, time zone, cookie settings, operating system version, etc. By combining all this information into a fingerprint,\u00a0advertisers can recognise a user as they move from one website to another. Studies have shown that around\u00a080\u201390% of browser fingerprints are unique. This is done by advertising technology companies that\u00a0insert their code\u00a0onto websites and collect data about online activity. Once established, a fingerprint can potentially be linked with other personal information,\u00a0such as data held by brokers. GDPR: Browser fingerprinting also falls under the purview of the GDPR to protect user privacy. However, nothing has been explicitly mentioned about it. The GDPR establishes six legal grounds that enable the processing of data, including user consent and the \u201clegitimate interest\u201d or consent of the person doing the tracking: In the context of browser fingerprinting, these general rules apply as follows: Companies using fingerprinting must ensure that their interests in tracking user information do not override the user\u2019s fundamental rights and freedoms, including their privacy. The website must also provide detailed information to the user about the scope, purposes, and legal basis of the data processing. Fingerprinting should be transparent when using and processing data about anonymous visitors. *Browser fingerprint technology has enabled marketers to run targeted campaigns on the internet at any stage of the marketing funnel. Parameters and the Math: Uniqueness:\u00a0It means to provide enough ground for identification; the more unique a fingerprint, the more identifiable it is. When the fingerprint has an attribute, whose value is only present once in the whole dataset or when the combination of all its attributes is unique in the whole dataset. Stability:\u00a0This links the browser fingerprints that belong to the same device. For stability, the quantity of modified information (each time the user\u2019s fingerprint is obtained) should be as small as possible. Entropy:\u00a0Defines the amount of uniqueness that a specific property exposed by the browser (such as the User-Agent header) introduces into a browser fingerprint. Usually expressed in bits, the higher the entropy, the more unique and identifiable a fingerprint will be. After the new dataset is tested repeatedly, giving similar correlated probability outputs, we can say that a technique is effective in terms of its ability to say that a fingerprint is unique! Blueprint: Using Browser Fingerprinting for Authentication Information gathered: Browser fingerprinting can gather a lot of information (more than 100 data attributes) from a browser, for example: Device model Operating system Browser version User time zone Preferred language settings Keyboard layout Ad blocker used Screen resolution Tech specs of the CPU graphics card, etc. The logic is to have enough specifics about a user\u2019s device and settings to pinpoint them in a sea of internet users. A specific fingerprinting technology employs several cutting-edge browser identification methods to gather over 100 individual signals. These signals are combined with server-side analysis and deduplication to generate a visitor ID, providing a persistent and valuable abstraction of a browser fingerprint, which can be volatile if a user changes settings or updates software on their device. Watch out this space for Part 2! Author: Vaibhav Chandel, Product Manager Wibmo\u00a0A PayU\/Naspers FinTech Company BaaS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Digital Payments, Payment Security and Lending - Wibmo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-12T06:44:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-04T06:05:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Browser-fingerprint-part-2.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1352\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"861\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Vaibhav Chandel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Vaibhav Chandel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Vaibhav Chandel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/88adcd0de78020e423865895ffadd001\"},\"headline\":\"Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-12T06:44:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-04T06:05:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":751,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/Browser-fingerprint-part-2.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Authentication\",\"Device Management\",\"Fingerprint\",\"Security\",\"Technology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Reading List\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wibmo.com\\\/blogs\\\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\\\/\",\"name\":\"Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1 - 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Wibmo","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/wibmo.com\/blogs\/browser-fingerprinting-part-1\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Browser Fingerprinting- Part 1 - Digital Payments, Payment Security and Lending - Wibmo","og_description":"Overview: 1. A user\u2019s device\u2019s hardware, operating system, browser, and configuration are all included in a set of data called a \u201cbrowser fingerprint.\u201d 2. Via a simple script running inside a browser, a server can collect a wide variety of information from public interfaces called application programming interfaces (APIs), HTTP headers, device information, etc. 3. The method of gathering data from a web browser to create a device fingerprint is known as \u201cbrowser fingerprinting.\u201d Cookies vs Browser Fingerprinting: Cookies Fingerprinting: Small pieces of data are stored on a user\u2019s computer by a web browser when they visit a website. They are used to store information about the user, such as preferences and browsing history, and to track user behaviour on the website. They are typically used to improve the user experience by remembering information about the user and their preferences, but they can also be deleted, blocked, or turned off entirely. Cookie tracking involves placing a unique identifier on a person\u2019s web browser, and fingerprinting occurs when a company (the website owner) creates a profile of the device\u2019s unique characteristics. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates the rules for covert data collection, which is why websites often ask users to approve or disapprove of cookies. Browser Fingerprinting: Information includes details about the\u00a0browser, network, and device, such as the language used, keyboard layout, time zone, cookie settings, operating system version, etc. By combining all this information into a fingerprint,\u00a0advertisers can recognise a user as they move from one website to another. Studies have shown that around\u00a080\u201390% of browser fingerprints are unique. This is done by advertising technology companies that\u00a0insert their code\u00a0onto websites and collect data about online activity. Once established, a fingerprint can potentially be linked with other personal information,\u00a0such as data held by brokers. GDPR: Browser fingerprinting also falls under the purview of the GDPR to protect user privacy. However, nothing has been explicitly mentioned about it. The GDPR establishes six legal grounds that enable the processing of data, including user consent and the \u201clegitimate interest\u201d or consent of the person doing the tracking: In the context of browser fingerprinting, these general rules apply as follows: Companies using fingerprinting must ensure that their interests in tracking user information do not override the user\u2019s fundamental rights and freedoms, including their privacy. The website must also provide detailed information to the user about the scope, purposes, and legal basis of the data processing. Fingerprinting should be transparent when using and processing data about anonymous visitors. *Browser fingerprint technology has enabled marketers to run targeted campaigns on the internet at any stage of the marketing funnel. Parameters and the Math: Uniqueness:\u00a0It means to provide enough ground for identification; the more unique a fingerprint, the more identifiable it is. When the fingerprint has an attribute, whose value is only present once in the whole dataset or when the combination of all its attributes is unique in the whole dataset. Stability:\u00a0This links the browser fingerprints that belong to the same device. For stability, the quantity of modified information (each time the user\u2019s fingerprint is obtained) should be as small as possible. Entropy:\u00a0Defines the amount of uniqueness that a specific property exposed by the browser (such as the User-Agent header) introduces into a browser fingerprint. Usually expressed in bits, the higher the entropy, the more unique and identifiable a fingerprint will be. After the new dataset is tested repeatedly, giving similar correlated probability outputs, we can say that a technique is effective in terms of its ability to say that a fingerprint is unique! Blueprint: Using Browser Fingerprinting for Authentication Information gathered: Browser fingerprinting can gather a lot of information (more than 100 data attributes) from a browser, for example: Device model Operating system Browser version User time zone Preferred language settings Keyboard layout Ad blocker used Screen resolution Tech specs of the CPU graphics card, etc. The logic is to have enough specifics about a user\u2019s device and settings to pinpoint them in a sea of internet users. A specific fingerprinting technology employs several cutting-edge browser identification methods to gather over 100 individual signals. These signals are combined with server-side analysis and deduplication to generate a visitor ID, providing a persistent and valuable abstraction of a browser fingerprint, which can be volatile if a user changes settings or updates software on their device. Watch out this space for Part 2! 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